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Hizbut Tahrir’s High Treason
By YLH
This morning I received an email from Pakistani branch of Hizbut tahrir addressed to Pakistani Generals asking them to rise up against the constitutional government of Pakistan and their own chain of command i.e. General Kayani and General Pasha. Article 6 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973, has been thrown about a lot in wake of the Memogate scandal but nothing in the memo attracts Article 6. I wrote an article about Article 6 and memogate in Daily Times. However, Hizbut Tahrir’s letter presents a fit case for prosecution under Article 6 of the Constitution.
Article 6 supra reads:
“High treason. (1) Any person who abrogates or subverts or suspends or holds in abeyance, or attempts to hold in abeyance or attempts or conspires to abrogate or subvert or suspend or hold in abeyance the constitution by use of force or show of force or by any other unconstitutional means shall be guilty of high treason. (2) Any person aiding and abetting or collaborating the acts mentioned in clause (1) shall likewise be guilty of high treason. (2-A) An act of high treason mentioned in clause (1) or clause (2) shall not be validated by any court including the Supreme Court and a High Court. (3) Majlis-e-shura (parliament) shall by law provide for the punishment of persons found guilty of high treason.”
Hizbut Tahrir’s open letter to Pakistani Generals dated 29.11.11 has all the elements of High Treason as defined by the Constitution. The Government of Pakistan must act against this organisation immediately as it presents a clear and present danger to Pakistan’s constitution.
I reproduce their open letter inciting Pakistani generals to overthrow Pakistan’s government, Pakistan’s army leadership and the very state of Pakistan:
To the Generals,
Air Marshalls,
Navy Admirals and
Officers of the Pakistan Armed forces
Respected Brothers in Islam,
We Hizb ut Tahrir address you in our capacity as a global political party, whose ideology is Islam. We are well known to you and so is our agenda, which is working for the establishment of the Islamic State, the Khilafah. Hizb ut Tahrir, is the only global party that works throughout the Muslim world, to liberate the Muslims from the hegemony of the colonialist powers, the foremost being America, by unifying the Ummah under the Kalima of Allah سبحانه وتعالى as one powerful state, ruled by a single Khaleefah.
We address you in your capacity as the actual rulers of Pakistan. It is an open secret that not only do you command the largest Muslim armed forces in the world, you also through the ISI, exert a commanding influence over the civilian institutions, the parliament and the judiciary. Being the real rulers of this country, only through you can the Ummah be liberated from the current crises, hardship and calamities that that she faces at the hands of the Western capitalist states, or you can lead her to further destruction.
Respected Brothers in Islam,
In the early hours of 2 May, 2011, the US Navy SEALS, reportedly violated our airspace and attacked a compound in Abbotabad. They reportedly killed Osama Bin Laden and then took his body away. This incident put the Pakistan armed Forces to shame both at home and abroad. At home your ability to safeguard our sovereignty was questioned, whilst abroad you were accused of complicity with the so-called terrorists. To add insult to injury, on 18 May 2011, commenting on the invasion of Abottabad, US Defence Secretary Robert Gates, declared, “If I were in Pakistani shoes, I would say I’ve already paid a price. I’ve been humiliated. I’ve been shown that the Americans can come in here and do this with impunity.”And if this were not enough, it emboldened India against Pakistan. On 4 May 2011, Indian Army Chief General VK Singh said, “All the three wings (army, navy and air force) are capable of carrying out such operations, when needed.”
It is inevitable that pursuing America’s interests will compromise those of Pakistan’s, when one considers America’s strategic objectives. America’s strategic objectives have been to prevent Russian and Chinese domination of Eurasia, control the hydrocarbon resources of the Caspian Sea and the Middle East, control the security and the transit of hydrocarbons from the Caspian Sea and the Middle East and finally prevent the emergence of the Khilafah State. For achievement of these objectives, Pakistan is critically placed. And critical to directing Pakistan policy is its armed forces and the ISI.
In order to achieve this, the US needed to reduce Pakistan’s regional influence for three reasons. Firstly, the US needed to establish its physical presence in Afghanistan and naturally had to remove Pakistani influence there. Therefore, Pakistan’s support for the Taliban had to go. Secondly the Kashmir Jihad was detracting India away from assuming the US intended role of countering China. US needed a stronger India, hence the need to stop the Kashmir Jihad and to end ISI’s influence in India. Thirdly, America seeks to stop or at least delay the emergence of Khilafah. Hence, weakening the army and filtering out strong, professional and Islam-inclined officers from within the ranks of the army.
The 9/11 attacks, an event that has yet to reveal all of its secrets, provided an opportunity for the US to bring in a pliant pro-US government in Afghanistan, and Musharraf duly obliged with support to enable the US to remove the Taliban Government, mercilessly killing Muslims in pursuit of her objectives. Hence, Musharraf provided support to the US in removing a pro-Pakistan government, and installing a pro-US, pro-Indian and anti-Pakistan government in Afghanistan. The truth of Musharraf’s treachery was known to his Corps Commanders at the time, but they kept silent and thereby allowed him to weaken both the armed forces and Pakistan.
After Musharraf, these policies have been continued and now the roles have been assumed by his successors within the military leadership led by General Kiyani and the Director General of ISI, General Pasha, who have been providing the same level of unstinted support to the US in order to further weaken the armed forces and Pakistan.
Respected Brothers in Islam,
It is in this context that we call upon you, the silent majority, to break your silence and rise to the occasion. For if you remained silent and subservient, not only will you face the wrath of Allah سبحانه وتعالى on the Day of Judgement, the very institution of which you take pride in will be further turned against its own people and weakened as America wants its war to be taken beyond tribal areas into the major cities of Karachi and Multan. Furthermore, the very country which you are there to protect will be immersed into even more chaos and strife in front of your eyes in accordance with the US plan for this region as part of its Broader Middle East initiatives, initiated by US President Bush and continuing under President Obama.
For those of you who have the slightest of doubt about you being responsible for the weakening of our armed forces and country, we raise the following points for you to contemplate:
Is it not true that you remained silent when the US undertook the raid in Abbotabad, which the US was only able to undertake after the co-operation of Kiyani and Pasha? The attack only occurred after the extraordinary meeting between ISAF Commander US General Petraeus and General Kayani, at Chaklala Airbase on 25 April 2011, to be followed that very same night with General Petraeus making a teleconference with a White House meeting chaired personally by US President Barack Obama. Then the very next day, the ISI Chief, Pasha, made an unscheduled attendance to a meeting of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, a meeting which he is not usually part of. It is this meeting that Obama hinted at when he haughtily announced the death of Bin Laden, saying, “And finally, last week, I determined that we had enough intelligence to take action, and authorized an operation to get Osama Bin Laden and bring him to justice.” And what of your silence when Kayani rushed to save America from the wrath of the sincere officers of the armed forces? Rather than inciting them against America, he tried to instill fear of the enemy in his own troops!
Is it not true that you remained silent when your leadership at the behest of US, moved the theatre of war from Afghanistan to the tribal areas of Pakistan? In the same way that you blindly submitted to the US demands to support them in the war on Afghanistan, similarly at the behest of Americans, you agreed to move the troops to the Western border to wage a war against your own people, weakening our positions on the Eastern border. Answering a questioning after a lecture in the US state of Arkansas, Hilary Clinton commented, ‘…So one of our first rounds of discussion with the Pakistanis was how it was not in their interest to permit terrorists to take over territory….so they began moving troops off the Indian border. They began going after the Pakistani Taliban.’ The strategic consequence of this was strengthening India as it divided our focus onto a new front, taking our attention away from our jugular vein, Kashmir. The decision at that juncture, at the behest of the US, led the armed forces into fighting within our own borders by killing our own Muslim brethren, and caused a schism within your own ranks. You lost many sincere officers in the ranks who refused to fight in the tribal areas, without mentioning the number of officers and jawans that were killed in the ensuing conflict. Furthermore, has this not resulted in factions within the armed forces, dividing it into pro-US and pro-Islam factions? And has this not been compounded by the policy of promoting those who are willing to support the pro-US policies in the region? So, armed forces that once had a vision across both borders, that had kept India and Russia at bay, is now focussed on fighting its own population, in a destructive war of Fitna. So how did you remain silent as Pakistan and the armed forces were weakened before your eyes, O Respected Gentlemen?
Is it not true that you remained silent when your leadership permitted the US to undertake drone attacks on our territory, with the clear policy of creating unrest in the tribal areas? The treachery was such that the drones were actually flying from the Shamsi air base in Baluchistan, whilst our rulers were persistently condemning them in public. The treachery was exposed when on February 13, 2009, Sen. Dianne Feinstein, Chairwoman of the Senate Intelligence Committee stated clearly that the drones were flying from Shamsi airbase. So this indicates that Kiyani was working in collusion with the US, whilst deceiving not only the Ummah, but you all. He even asked for Predator drone attacks to be intensified. In a cable from the US Embassy in Islamabad, dated 11 February 2008, regarding the 22 January 2008 secret meeting between Admiral William J. Fallon, US CENTCOM, and Kayani, reported, “Referring to the situation in Waziristan, Kayani asked if Fallon could assist in providing continuous Predator coverage of the conflict area.” The drones flew from our soil with the consent of our leadership and with our known ability to shoot them down at will. Moreover, they sabotaged the peace agreements with the tribal leaders.
Is it not true that that you again remained silent whilst your leadership permitted the US to establish and develop its own independent intelligence network comprising of CIA agents and Blackwater mercenaries? The CIA now proudly boasts that it does not need the ISI. You cannot say that this was hidden from you, as there were numerous articles within the public domain detailing the extent to which the US contractors were not only killing and abusing our citizens, but more fundamentally, attempting to determine intelligence of our most sensitive sites and assets. If Musharraf, Kiyani and Pasha turned a blind eye to this, why did you not fulfil your oath and force them to stop it?
Is it not true that you remained silent when your leadership permitted Blackwater contractors, like Raymond Davis, to perpetrate assassinations, bombings and other activities in public places such as schools, mosques, market areas, in “false flag” attacks as they did in Iraq, Afghanistan and throughout Latin America? So each time innocent civilians were killed by these attacks, you remained silent whilst the real culprits, the US contractors were given a free hand to continue.
Is it not true that you remained silent when your leadership provided protection to the murderer, Raymond Davis, whilst in custody, and then allowed him to be released? Instead of using the issue as an opportunity to expel all US operatives, and cut all forms of cooperation with the US, he was released. The US thanked Pakistan with a drone strike the very next day, whilst Pasha thanked the US by agreeing to a further 87 visas for CIA operatives!
Is it not true that you remained silent when your leadership permitted the establishment of the largest US embassy in the world on its soil? To achieve the same in Iraq, the US had to fight a huge war and spend billions of dollars, whilst your leadership has provided this without a single bullet being fired in resistance to it. If the US has achieved all of the above devastation and violation of Pakistani sovereignty without a large diplomatic presence, whilst its embassies known throughout the world as being launch pads for American intervention, what further benefit would the largest US embassy in the world bring to Pakistan? So how can it be argued that your silence has not weakened Pakistan and the Pakistani armed forces?
Is it not true that you remained silent when your leadership permitted US control of our F16’s? It is well known that they have come with their own US personnel and electronic codes such that they cannot be used by the PAF without these codes being provided by the US. So under the guise of upgrading, your leadership has rendered the F16’s as useless to the protection of Pakistani Air Space. So how can it be argued that your silence has not weakened Pakistan and the Pakistani armed forces?
Is it not true that you remained silent when the US initiated its campaign against the ISI, because it was supposedly fighting proxy wars that the US now wishes to stop? The ISI, once capable of bringing the Russians and the Indians down to their knees, is now attacked openly by the US and forced to hand over their strategic allies to the US in order to help the Obama administration win an election. So how can it be argued that your silence has not weakened Pakistan and the Pakistani armed forces?
Everyone knows that cutting the supply line to US/NATO troops, which passes through Pakistan, will paralyze their ability to launch and maintain military operations in Afghanistan, as well as the infamous drone strikes in Pakistani territories. So, isn’t it true that your silence serves as a lifeline for the US and NATO mercenaries in Afghanistan and Pakistan?
Moreover, the US now has its own intelligence, its own personnel, both from its armed forces as well as private military contractors, access to almost all parts of the country and the use of our fighter planes if they wish. So this has effectively allowed the US complete access to undertake any operation they wish, inside or outside Pakistan, with impunity. Yet, when they did so in Abbotabad, Kayani feigned surprise! After all of this, do you not see that it is your silence which allowed the US through your leadership to weaken Pakistan and its strongest institution, the armed forces?
And is it not true that you remained silent when your government through your leadership initiated a campaign of harassment, imprisonment and torture of members of Hizb ut Tahrir. Their so-called crime was addressing the treacheries, by seeking the removal of a government that rules by kufr, rejects Islam as a system and way of life and prevents the sons of Mohammad bin Qasim from performing Jihad to liberate Kashmir, so as to enter India back to Islamic rule and unify the Ummah under one Khaleefah?
Respected Brothers in Islam,
It is only natural for the sincere to consider obstacles and the insincere to make excuses. As for those of you who will say that we are weak economically. To this we say, is it not the policies that have been implemented on us made us weak? There are many economic reports that have mentioned that the War on Terror has only weakened the Pakistani economy, to the tune of $68 billion. According to a study conducted for the Woodrow Wilson Centre, Shahid Javed Burki said, “If US civilian assistance is completely withdrawn, it will only have an impact of 0.14 percent on Pakistan’s GDP growth.” Pakistan has an immense variety of minerals and natural resources, including the world’s fifth largest reserves of copper and over one trillion dollars worth of untapped gold reserves in the Chaghi area and the Reko Diq mine. Pakistan is not short of coal and gas. Thar coal is one of the world’s largest, of about 175 billion tonnes of coal, and Pakistan has an estimated 25.1 trillion cubic feet of proven gas reserves. It has abundant fertile land; in 2005, Pakistan produced over 21 million metric tonnes of wheat, more than all of Africa (20 million) and nearly as much as all of Latin America (24 million). Pakistan is the 12th largest agricultural producer in the world with an agrarian output of $32 billion annually. Remember, O Respected Brothers in Islam, economic strength is about policy and vision and not about lack of means.
As for those of you who say that the US is militarily strong and we are weak, and that we did not have an option but to follow US dictates. For those of you who are sincere in this belief, we say the following: The Pakistan armed forces are the seventh largest in the world, and an established nuclear power, and possess advanced missile technology which is capable of neutralising the regional US military footprint. So is the US willing, let alone capable of absorbing such an assault, considering their current military overstretch, the overriding US public opinion demanding the return of US troops and their economic meltdown? During the Second Persian Gulf war, the Turkish armed forces refused to provide the US with a second front from the north. Did the US bomb them back to the Stone Age and indeed, could it? That is why on 11 March 2009, in his presentation to key Obama officials including Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Michael G. Mullen, Chairman of the Interagency Policy Review of Afghanistan-Pakistan for the Obama administration, Bruce O. Riedel, said they had looked at the extreme option of invading Pakistan, and, of course, immediately dismissed it. Invading a country that possessed dozens of nuclear weapons would be something beyond madness. Everyone agreed. This weakness is also evident from the fact that the US required the use of Pakistan airspace, logistics, refuelling and intelligence in order to pursue the war in Afghanistan, so how can it be said that the US is strong? And after a ten year war in Afghanistan, they require your political influence in order to secure a peace deal with the Haqqanis and the Afghan Taliban that will bail out the US and the Obama administration. Allah سبحانه وتعالى says,
إِنَّمَا ذَلِكُمْ الشَّيْطَانُ يُخَوِّفُ أَوْلِيَاءَهُ فَلاَ تَخَافُوهُمْ وَخَافُونِي إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ“It is only the Shaitan that causes you to fear from his (Shaitan’s) friends, but do not fear them, and fear Me, if you are believers.” [3:175]
As for Pakistan’s strategic location, the US ingress into Eurasia to contain China and Russia is completely dependent on Pakistan being the door to the Central Asian Republics. In addition, US control of the security and transit of energy, from the Central Asian Republics in the North, and the Middle Eastern oil coming through the straits of Hormuz in the south, is dependent on a pliant and obedient Pakistan. All it requires is a sincere leadership that would be able to use this strategic location, and its resources, to project itself well beyond its borders, in order to safeguard the interests of the Ummah, rather than the US.
As for those of you who will find this unacceptable, because this duty of establishing the Khilafah will mean a loss of the worldly interests that you have acquired through the armed forces or will acquire upon retirement. For you the presence of corrupt rulers who are responsible for the current hardships of the Ummah, the bloodshed and the destruction of Pakistan and its armed forces is worth less than the material benefits that is used as a cheap bribery to buy your allegiance. Perhaps you may fear Allah سبحانه وتعالى when you realise that no matter what you do, it is inevitable that you will enter your graves. You will have to abandon your wealth, your riches and your lush gardens, and you will have to fend for yourselves,
{كَمْ تَرَكُوا مِنْ جَنَّاتٍ وَعُيُونٍ }{ وَزُرُوعٍ وَمَقَامٍ كَرِيمٍ}{ وَنَعْمَةٍ كَانُوا فِيهَا فَاكِهِينَ }{ كَذَلِكَ وَأَوْرَثْنَاهَا قَوْمًا آخَرِينَ }{ فَمَا بَكَتْ عَلَيْهِمُ السَّمَاءُ وَالأَرْضُ وَمَا كَانُوا مُنظَرِينَ }
“How many of gardens and springs that they left behind, And green fields and goodly places, And comforts of life wherein they used to take delight! Thus (it was)! And We made other people inherit them. And the heavens and the earth wept not for them, nor were they given respite.” [Surah ad-Dukhan 44: 25-29].
Respected Brothers in Islam,
In recent years, we have warned you on many occasions with numerous leaflets, as well as press releases, all of which we are well aware you follow closely, even down to the sentences and words. More than ten years ago you ignored our warning when we through our leaflets told you that your traitorous leadership will allow the reversal of the policy on eastern and western fronts. Ten years ago you ignored our warning when we told you that your traitorous leadership will allow US field intelligence personnel to operate freely on our soil. Five years ago you did not heed our warning when we told you that your traitorous leadership had secretly permitted drone attacks whilst publically condemning them. One year ago you did not heed our warning when we told you that the US is capable of undertaking unilateral action in our cities like the Abbotabad incident.
And would you not heed our warning now, when we tell you that in near future your leadership will hand over our nuclear assets to the US? And if one day, the US initiates a unilateral action to take control of the nuclear weapons, which Kiyani has enabled them to do already, will you then again be surprised and remain silent? And will you not heed our warning that America with the assistance of Pasha and Kiyani has drowned Karachi in bloodshed to allow America’s war to be extended to Pakistan’s most populous city, creating yet another front for our armed forces?And if one day the war was extended into Multan or beyond Multan, will you be surprised and remain silent?
You have no right to remain silent as by your very tongues you took an oath to protect the country and the Muslims of this country. So are you not guilty of breaking that oath? We know, as well as you do, that there have been sincere elements from amongst you, who have realised their duty and have raised their voices against this enslaved submission to the US, and they have been arrested, tortured and released from the armed forces. They have not only fulfilled their duty but will also be free of your sin of silence on the Day of Judgement. What will you say on that day, O Respected Brothers in Islam?
Respected Brothers in Islam,
The solution is clear and that is to work with us and through us to remove these corrupt and secular rulers, to uproot this colonialist kufr system, and implement the laws of Allah سبحانه وتعالى through the establishment of the Khilafah. It is only through the Khilafah that you will unify the Ummah, establish the rights of the people, the fair distribution of wealth, return the armed forces to its essential role in the protection of the blood and honour of the Muslims and ensure the removal of the foreign hegemony from the region. This is a duty upon you and if you fulfil it the pleasure of Allah سبحانه وتعالى awaits you. But if you delay and turn away, all of the Ummah will be witness upon you on the Day of Judgement, for you strayed away from the solution to the problems of this Ummah.
We know, there are those who are clear on the truth of matters and whose hearts shake with fear knowing that they have neglected this duty. To you we say, dear brothers, we are here already amongst you, look for us and you will find us. To you, we say, depend on Allah سبحانه وتعالى and He will suffice for you. Allah سبحانه وتعالى said,
يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنْ تَنصُرُوا اللَّهَ يَنصُرْكُمْ وَيُثَبِّتْ أَقْدَامَكُمْ“O you who believe! If you help Allah, He will help you and strengthen your foothold.” [Surah Muhammad 47:7]
Allah سبحانه وتعالى has promised those who believe and do good deeds that they will establish Khilafah. He سبحانه وتعالى says:
وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُم فِي الأَرْضِ كَمَا اسْتَخْلَفَ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ وَلَيُمَكِّنَنَّ لَهُمْ دِينَهُمُ الَّذِي ارْتَضَى لَهُمْ وَلَيُبَدِّلَنَّهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ خَوْفِهِمْ أَمْنًا يَعْبُدُونَنِي لاَ يُشْرِكُونَ بِي شَيْئًا وَمَنْ كَفَرَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَأُوْلَئِكَ هُمْ الْفَاسِقُونَ“Allâh has promised those among you who believe and do righteous good deeds, that He will certainly grant them succession to (the present rulers) in the land, as He granted it to those before them, and that He will grant them the authority to practise their religion which He has chosen for them (i.e. Islâm). And He will surely give them in exchange a safe security after their fear (provided) they (believers) worship Me and do not associate anything (in worship) with Me. But whoever disbelieved after this, they are the Fâsiqûn (rebellious, disobedient to Allâh).” [Surah an-Noor 24:55]
RasulAllah سلم و عليه الله صلى said,
عِصَابَتَانِ مِنْ أُمَّتِي أَحْرَزَهُمَا اللَّهُ مِنْ النَّارِ عِصَابَةٌ تَغْزُو الْهِنْدَ وَعِصَابَةٌ تَكُونُ مَعَ عِيسَى ابْنِ مَرْيَمَ عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلَام“Two groups of my ummah Allah has protected from the Hellfire: a group that will conquer India and a group that will be with ‘Isa ibnu Maryam.” [Ahmad, An-Nisa’i]
Abu Hurayra رضي الله عنه narrated,
وَعَدَنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ غَزْوَةَ الْهِنْدِ فَإِنْ أَدْرَكْتُهَا أُنْفِقْ فِيهَا نَفْسِي وَمَالِي فَإِنْ أُقْتَلْ كُنْتُ مِنْ أَفْضَلِ الشُّهَدَاءِ وَإِنْ أَرْجِعْ فَأَنَا أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ الْمُحَرَّرُ“The Messenger (saw) promised us the conquest of India. If I was to come across that I will spend my soul and my wealth. If I am killed then I am among the best of martyrs, and if I return then I am Abu Hurayra the freed (from sin)” [Ahmad, An-Nisa’i, Al-Hakim]
These two hadith are for you to consider and aspire for, you who grant the Nussrah to Hizb ut Tahrir for the establishment of the Khilafah, for who else will lead these noble armed forces to the conquest of India? So know that whatever sins you have earned due to your silence over these treacheries, Allah سبحانه وتعالى has also shown you the path of forgiveness.
O Allah سبحانه وتعالى be witness, for we have delivered the message.
Hizb ut Tahrir 21 October 2011 CE
Wilayah Pakistan 23 Dhul-Qa’adah 1432 AH
Filed under: Uncategorized · Tags: Article 6 of Pakistani Constitution, High Treason, Hizbut tahrir, Pakistan's armed forces
66 Responses to "Hizbut Tahrir’s High Treason"
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another very very significant probl... - Fingolfin said if this were Facebook i would have 'liked' Rex Min...
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India after Independence and even earl... - Rex Minor said @Tajender,
Remember my earlier post about the w...
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Muslims cannot be part of India and indi...
“free to practise”
How about free to propogate? Is there room for conversion, without
coercing?
to amaar
Islam means submission, submission under a 7th century arab god-concept or mohammadan god-concept. Violence, threats of violence, bribery, discrimination against non-muslims – all that was and is used for this purpose. the so-called holy book contains many contradictions and can be used and was and will be used for these purposes too.
@ swapnavasavdutta
“How about free to propogate? Is there room for conversion, without
coercing?”
Absolutely. The Quran teaches us the following principles:
1. ”There is no coercion in matters of religion.” (Quran 2:256 )
2. ”Whoever chooses to believe let him believe and whoever chooses to disbelieve let him disbelieve” (Quran 18:29)
I believe in the Quran.
@ hiob (December 1, 2011 at 11:32 pm)
A slight correction is needed here. “Islam” does not mean “submission under a 7th century god-concept” as you’ve put it. Islam means to willingly submit to the Timeless and Eternal One True God, the God who neither belongs exclusively to the past, nor only to the future, the God who neither exclusively belongs to the Arab nor only to the Ajam, a God who belongs neither exclusively to the East nor only to the West. Now, though this may be new to you but the term “Islam” also means extending and ensuring peace to all fellow-humans.
to sta
You have no idea of real islam in practice. Many things look or sound wonderful on paper or in a book or in a speech. The real effect of islam is fascism, totalitarianism and imperialism. Nice words don’t and can’t hide reality.
hiob y are an idiot and parrot and tape recorder of hindu zoinist,
just read ibn rushd,or omar khayyam and tell me if europe or india has ever produced any towering personalities like,
ʾAbū l-Walīd Muḥammad bin ʾAḥmad bin Rušd (Arabic: أبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد), better known just as Ibn Rushd (Arabic: ابن رشد), and in European literature as Averroes ( /əˈvɛroʊ.iːz/; 1126 – December 10, 1198), was a Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics. He was born in Córdoba, Al Andalus, modern-day Spain, and died in Marrakesh, Morocco. His school of philosophy is known as Averroism.
Ibn Rushd was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against claims from Islamic theologians such as Ghazali who feared that such teachings would become an affront to the teachings of Islam.[
read on internet.
Khayyám’s full name was Ghiyath al-Din Abu’l-Fath ‘Umar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nishapuri al-Khayyami (Persian: غیاث الدین ابو الفتح عمر بن ابراهیم خیام نیشاپوری). He was born in Nishapur,(modern-day Iran), then a Seljuq capital in Khorasan,[7][8][9] which rivaled Cairo or Baghdad in cultural prominence in that era. He is thought to have been born into a family of tent makers (khayyami, lit. in Farsi “tent-maker”), which he would make this into a play on words later in life:
Khayyám, who stitched the tents of science,
Has fallen in grief’s furnace and been suddenly burned,
The shears of Fate have cut the tent ropes of his life,
And the broker of Hope has sold him for nothing!
— Omar Khayyám[4]
He spent part of his childhood in the town of Balkh (present northern Afghanistan), studying under the well-known scholar Sheikh Muhammad Mansuri. He later studied under Imam Mowaffaq Nishapuri, who was considered one of the greatest teachers of the Khorasan region. Throughout his life Omar Khayyám was dedicated to his efforts and abilities, in the day he would teach Algebra and Geometry in the evening he would attend the Seljuq court as an adviser of Malik-Shah I[10] and at night he would study Astronomy and complete the important aspects of the Jalali calendar.
Omar Khayyám’s years in Isfahan were very productive ones but after the death of the Seljuq Sultan Malik-Shah I (presumably by the Assassins sect), the Sultan’s widow turned against him as an adviser and and soon therefore Omar Khayyám set out on his Hajj or Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. He was then allowed to work as a court astrologer and was permitted to return to Nishapur where he was famous for works and continued to teach mathematics, astronomy and even medicine.[11]
[edit] MathematicianKhayyám was famous during his times as a mathematician. He wrote the influential Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra (1070), which laid down the principles of algebra, part of the body of Persian Mathematics that was eventually transmitted to Europe. In particular, he derived general methods for solving cubic equations and even some higher orders.
“Cubic equation and intersection of conic sections” the first page of two-chaptered manuscript kept in Tehran UniversityIn the Treatise he wrote on the triangular array of binomial coefficients known as Pascal’s triangle. In 1077, Khayyám wrote Sharh ma ashkala min musadarat kitab Uqlidis (Explanations of the Difficulties in the Postulates of Euclid) published in English as “On the Difficulties of Euclid’s Definitions”.[12] An important part of the book is concerned with Euclid’s famous parallel postulate, which attracted the interest of Thabit ibn Qurra. Al-Haytham had previously attempted a demonstration of the postulate; Khayyám’s attempt was a distinct advance, and his criticisms made their way to Europe, and may have contributed to the eventual development of non-Euclidean geometry.
Omar Khayyám had notable works in geometry, specifically on the theory of proportions, his notable contemporary mathematicians included Al-Khazini and Abu Hatim al-Muzaffar ibn Ismail al-Isfizari[13]
[edit] Theory of parallelsSee also: History of non-Euclidean geometry and Parallel postulate
“At the Tomb of Omar Khayyam”, by Jay HambidgeKhayyám wrote a book entitled Explanations of the difficulties in the postulates in Euclid’s Elements. The book consists of several sections on the parallel postulate (Book I), on the Euclidean definition of ratios and the Anthyphairetic ratio (modern continued fractions) (Book II), and on the multiplication of ratios (Book III).
The first section is a treatise containing some propositions and lemmas concerning the parallel postulate. It has reached the Western world from a reproduction in a manuscript written in 1387-88 AD by the Persian mathematician Tusi. Tusi mentions explicitly that he re-writes the treatise “in Khayyám’s own words” and quotes Khayyám, saying that “they are worth adding to Euclid’s Elements (first book) after Proposition 28.”[14] This proposition[15] states a condition enough for having two lines in plane parallel to one another. After this proposition follows another, numbered 29, which is converse to the previous one.[16] The proof of Euclid uses the so-called parallel postulate (numbered 5). Objection to the use of parallel postulate and alternative view of proposition 29 have been a major problem in foundation of what is now called non-Euclidean geometry.
The treatise of Khayyám can be considered as the first treatment of parallels axiom which is not based on petitio principii but on more intuitive postulate. Khayyám refutes the previous attempts by other Greek and Persian mathematicians to prove the proposition. And he, as Aristotle, refuses the use of motion in geometry and therefore dismisses the different attempt by Ibn Haytham too.[17] In a sense he made the first attempt at formulating a non-Euclidean postulate as an alternative to the parallel postulate,[18]
[edit] Geometric algebraWhoever thinks algebra is a trick in obtaining unknowns has thought it in vain. No attention should be paid to the fact that algebra and geometry are different in appearance. Algebras are geometric facts which are proved by propositions five and six of Book two of Elements.
Omar Khayyam[19]
Omar Khayyám’s geometric solution to cubic equations.This philosophical view of mathematics (see below) has had a significant impact on Khayyám’s celebrated approach and method in geometric algebra and in particular in solving cubic equations. In that his solution is not a direct path to a numerical solution and in fact his solutions are not numbers but rather line segments. In this regard Khayyám’s work can be considered the first systematic study and the first exact method of solving cubic equations.[20]
In an untitled writing on cubic equations by Khayyám discovered in 20th century,[19] where the above quote appears, Khayyám works on problems of geometric algebra. First is the problem of “finding a point on a quadrant of a circle such that when a normal is dropped from the point to one of the bounding radii, the ratio of the normal’s length to that of the radius equals the ratio of the segments determined by the foot of the normal.” Again in solving this problem, he reduces it to another geometric problem: “find a right triangle having the property that the hypotenuse equals the sum of one leg (i.e. side) plus the altitude on the hypotenuse.[21] To solve this geometric problem, he specializes a parameter and reaches the cubic equation x3 + 200x = 20×2 + 2000.[19] Indeed, he finds a positive root for this equation by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle.
This particular geometric solution of cubic equations has been further investigated and extended to degree four equations.[22]
Regarding more general equations he states that the solution of cubic equations requires the use of conic sections and that it cannot be solved by ruler and compass methods.[19] A proof of this impossibility was plausible only 750 years after Khayyám died. In this paper Khayyám mentions his will to prepare a paper giving full solution to cubic equations: “If the opportunity arises and I can succeed, I shall give all these fourteen forms with all their branches and cases, and how to distinguish whatever is possible or impossible so that a paper, containing elements which are greatly useful in this art will be prepared.”[19]
This refers to the book Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems of Algebra (1070), which laid down the principles of algebra, part of the body of Persian Mathematics that was eventually transmitted to Europe.[20] In particular, he derived general methods for solving cubic equations and even some higher orders.
[edit] Binomial theorem and extraction of rootsSee also: History of binomial theorem
From the Indians one has methods for obtaining square and cube roots, methods which are based on knowledge of individual cases, namely the knowledge of the squares of the nine digits 12, 22, 32 (etc.) and their respective products, i.e. 2 × 3 etc. We have written a treatise on the proof of the validity of those methods and that they satisfy the conditions. In addition we have increased their types, namely in the form of the determination of the fourth, fifth, sixth roots up to any desired degree. No one preceded us in this and those proofs are purely arithmetic, founded on the arithmetic of The Elements.
Omar Khayyam Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra[23]This particular remark of Khayyám and certain propositions found in his Algebra book has made some historians of mathematics believe that Khayyám had indeed a binomial theorem up to any power. The case of power 2 is explicitly stated in Euclid’s elements and the case of at most power 3 had been established by Indian mathematicians. Khayyám was the mathematician who noticed the importance of a general binomial theorem. The argument supporting the claim that Khayyám had a general binomial theorem is based on his ability to extract roots.[24]
[edit] Khayyám-Saccheri quadrilateralMain article: Saccheri quadrilateral
The Saccheri quadrilateral was first considered by Khayyám in the late 11th century in Book I of Explanations of the Difficulties in the Postulates of Euclid.[25] Unlike many commentators on Euclid before and after him (including of course Saccheri), Khayyám was not trying to prove the parallel postulate as such but to derive it from an equivalent postulate he formulated from “the principles of the Philosopher” (Aristotle):
Two convergent straight lines intersect and it is impossible for two convergent straight lines to diverge in the direction in which they converge.[26]
Khayyám then considered the three cases (right, obtuse, and acute) that the summit angles of a Saccheri quadrilateral can take and after proving a number of theorems about them, he (correctly) refuted the obtuse and acute cases based on his postulate and hence derived the classic postulate of Euclid.
It wasn’t until 600 years later that Giordano Vitale made an advance on Khayyám in his book Euclide restituo (1680, 1686), when he used the quadrilateral to prove that if three points are equidistant on the base AB and the summit CD, then AB and CD are everywhere equidistant. Saccheri himself based the whole of his long, heroic, and ultimately flawed proof of the parallel postulate around the quadrilateral and its three cases, proving many theorems about its properties along the way.
[edit] Astronomer
The Jalali calendar was introduced by Omar Khayyám alongside other Mathematicians and Astronomers in Nishapur, today it is one of the oldest calendars in the world as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today. Since the calendar uses astronomical calculation for determining the vernal equinox, it has no intrinsic error, but this makes it an observation based calendar.[27][28][29][30]Like most Persian mathematicians of the period, Khayyám was famous as an astronomer. In 1073, the Seljuk Sultan Sultan Jalal al-Din Malekshah Saljuqi (Malik-Shah I, 1072–92), invited Khayyám to build an observatory, along with various other distinguished scientists. According to some accounts, the version of the medieval Iranian calendar in which 2,820 solar years together contain 1,029,983 days (or 683 leap years, for an average year length of 365.24219858156 days) was based on the measurements of Khayyám and his colleagues.[31] Another proposal is that Khayyám’s calendar simply contained eight leap years every thirty-three years (for a year length of 365.2424 days).[32] In either case, his calendar was more accurate to the mean tropical year than the Gregorian calendar of 500 years later. The modern Iranian calendar is based on his calculations.
[edit] Calendar reformKhayyám is claimed to be a member of a panel that introduced several reforms to the Persian calendar.[citation needed] On March 15, 1079, Sultan Malik Shah I accepted this corrected calendar as the official Persian calendar.[33]
This calendar was known as Jalali calendar after the Sultan, and was in force across Greater Iran from the 11th to the 20th centuries. It is the basis of the Iranian calendar which is followed today in Iran and Afghanistan. While the Jalali calendar is more accurate than the Gregorian, it is based on actual solar transit, (similar to Hindu calendars), and requires an Ephemeris for calculating dates. The lengths of the months can vary between 29 and 31 days depending on the moment when the sun crossed into a new zodiacal area (an attribute common to most Hindu calendars). This meant that seasonal errors were lower than in the Gregorian calendar.
The modern-day Iranian calendar standardizes the month lengths based on a reform from 1925, thus minimizing the effect of solar transits. Seasonal errors are somewhat higher than in the Jalali version, but leap years are calculated as before.
[edit] Poet
Omar Khayyám was a notable poet during the reign of the Seljuk ruler Malik-Shah I and his contributions to the developments of Mathematics, Astronomy and Philosophy inspired later generations.He is believed to have written about a thousand four-line verses or rubaiyat (quatrains). In the English-speaking world, he was introduced through the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám which are rather free-wheeling English translations by Edward FitzGerald (1809–1883). Other English translations of parts of the rubáiyát (rubáiyát meaning “quatrains”) exist, but FitzGerald’s are the most well known.
Ironically, FitzGerald’s translations reintroduced Khayyám to Iranians “who had long ignored the Neishapouri poet.” A 1934 book by one of Iran’s most prominent writers, Sadeq Hedayat, Songs of Khayyam, (Taranehha-ye Khayyam) is said to have “shaped the way a generation of Iranians viewed” the poet.[34]
Khayyam’s poetry is translated to many languages.
Khayyám’s personal beliefs are not known with certainty, but much is discernible from his poetic oeuvre.
[edit] PoetryMain article: Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám
A well decorated plaque containing poems from the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám.Omar Khayyám’s poems have been translated many times in many languages and many translators have claimed that their translations of the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám literal, poetic and less controversial than that of Edward Fitzgerald.[35]
The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,
Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit,
Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,
Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it.
But helpless pieces in the game He plays,
Upon this chequer-board of Nights and Days,
He hither and thither moves, and checks … and slays,
Then one by one, back in the Closet lays.
And, as the Cock crew, those who stood before
The Tavern shouted – “Open then the Door!
You know how little time we have to stay,
And once departed, may return no more.”
A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,
A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread–and Thou,
Beside me singing in the Wilderness,
And oh, Wilderness is Paradise enow.
If chance supplied a loaf of white bread,
Two casks of wine and a leg of mutton,
In the corner of a garden with a tulip-cheeked girl,
There’d be enjoyment no Sultan could outdo.
Myself when young did eagerly frequent
Doctor and Saint, and heard great Argument
About it and about: but evermore
Came out of the same Door as in I went.
With them the Seed of Wisdom did I sow,
And with my own hand labour’d it to grow:
And this was all the Harvest that I reap’d -
“I came like Water, and like Wind I go.”
Into this Universe, and why not knowing,
Nor whence, like Water willy-nilly flowing:
And out of it, as Wind along the Waste,
I know not whither, willy-nilly blowing.
And that inverted Bowl we call The Sky,
Whereunder crawling coop’t we live and die,
Lift not thy hands to It for help – for It
Rolls impotently on as Thou or I.
…………………………………..
[edit] Views on religionHow much more of the mosque, of prayer and fasting?
Better go drunk and begging round the taverns.
Khayyam, drink wine, for soon this clay of yours
Will make a cup, bowl, one day a jar.
When once you hear the roses are in bloom,
Then is the time, my love, to pour the wine;
Houris and palaces and Heaven and Hell-
These are but fairy-tales, forget them all.
Rubáiyát of Omar KhayyámThere have been widely divergent views on Khayyám. According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr no other Iranian writer/scholar is viewed in such extremely differing ways. At one end of the spectrum there are nightclubs named after Khayyám, and he is seen as an agnostic hedonist. On the other end of the spectrum, he is seen as a mystical Sufi poet influenced by platonic traditions.
The verse: “Enjoy wine and women and don’t be afraid, Allah has compassion,” suggests that he was not an atheist. He further believes that it is almost certain that Khayyám objected to the notion that every particular event and phenomenon was the result of divine intervention. Nor did he zealously believe in an afterlife with a Judgment Day or rewards and punishments[36]. Instead, he supported the view that laws of nature explained all phenomena of observed life. One contemporary writes: “I did not observe that he had any great belief in astrological predictions or speculations; nor have I seen or heard of any of the great (scientists) who had such belief.”
The following two quatrains are representative of numerous others that serve to reject many tenets of religious dogma:
An excerpt from the “al-Risålah fil-wujud” (Treatise on Being), one of Omar Khayyám’s major works on Islamic theology.خيام اگر ز باده مستى خوش باش
با ماه رخى اگر نشستى خوش باش
چون عاقبت كار جهان نيستى است
انگار كه نيستى، چو هستى خوش باش
which translates in FitzGerald’s work as:
And if the Wine you drink, the Lip you press,
End in the Nothing all Things end in — Yes —
Then fancy while Thou art, Thou art but what
Thou shalt be — Nothing — Thou shalt not be less.
A more literal translation could read:
If with wine you are drunk be happy,
If seated with a moon-faced (beautiful), be happy,
Since the end purpose of the universe is nothing-ness;
Hence picture your nothing-ness, then while you are, be happy!
آنانكه ز پيش رفتهاند اى ساقى
درخاك غرور خفتهاند اى ساقى
رو باده خور و حقيقت از من بشنو
باد است هرآنچه گفتهاند اى ساقى
which FitzGerald has erroneously and mistakenly interpreted as:
Why, all the Saints and Sages who discuss’d
Of the Two Worlds so learnedly — are thrust
Like foolish Prophets forth; their Words to Scorn
Are scatter’d, and their Mouths are stopt with Dust.
A literal translation, in an ironic echo of “all is vanity”, could read:
Those who have gone forth, thou cup-bearer,
Have fallen upon the dust of pride, thou cup-bearer,
Drink wine and hear from me the truth:
(Hot) air is all that they have said, thou cup-bearer.
But some specialists, like Seyyed Hossein Nasr who looks at the available philosophical works of Khayyám, maintain that it is really reductive to just look at the poems (which are sometimes doubtful) to establish his personal views about God or religion; in fact, he even wrote a treatise entitled “al-Khutbat al-gharrå˘” (The Splendid Sermon) on the praise of God, where he holds orthodox views, agreeing with Avicenna on Divine Unity.[5] In fact, this treatise is not an exception, and S.H. Nasr gives an example where he identified himself as a Sufi, after criticizing different methods of knowing God, preferring the intuition over the rational (opting for the so-called “kashf”, or unveiling, method):[5]
“… Fourth, the Sufis, who do not seek knowledge by ratiocination or discursive thinking, but by purgation of their inner being and the purifying of their dispositions. They cleanse the rational soul of the impurities of nature and bodily form, until it becomes pure substance. When it then comes face to face with the spiritual world, the forms of that world become truly reflected in it, without any doubt or ambiguity.
This is the best of all ways, because it is known to the servant of God that there is no reflection better than the Divine Presence and in that state there are no obstacles or veils in between. Whatever man lacks is due to the impurity of his nature. If the veil be lifted and the screen and
obstacle removed, the truth of things as they are will become manifest and known. And the Master of creatures [the Prophet Muhammad]—upon whom be peace—indicated this when he said: “Truly, during the days of your existence, inspirations come from God. Do you not want to follow them?” Tell unto reasoners that, for the lovers of God, intuition is guide, not discursive thought.”
—Omar Khayyám[37]
The same author goes on by giving other philosophical writings which are totally compatible with the religion of Islam, as the “al-Risålah fil-wujud” (Treatise on Being), written in Arabic, which begin with Quranic verses and asserting that all things come from God, and there is an order in these things. In another work, “Risålah jawåban li-thalåth maså˘il” (Treatise of Response to Three Questions), he gives a response to question on, for instance, the becoming of the soul post-mortem. S.H. Nasr even gives some poetry where he is perfectly in favor of Islamic orthodoxy, but expressing mystical views (God’s goodness, the ephemerical state of this life, …):[5]
Thou hast said that Thou wilt torment me,
But I shall fear not such a warning.
For where Thou art, there can be no torment,
And where Thou art not, how can such a place exist?
The rotating wheel of heaven within which we wonder,
Is an imaginal lamp of which we have knowledge by similitude.
The sun is the candle and the world the lamp,
We are like forms revolving within it.
A drop of water falls in an ocean wide,
A grain of dust becomes with earth allied;
What doth thy coming, going here denote?
A fly appeared a while, then invisible he became.
Considering misunderstandings about Khayyám in the West and elsewhere, S.H. Nasr concludes by saying that if a correct study of the authentic rubaiyat is done, but along with the philosophical works, or even the spiritual biography entitled Sayr wa sulak (Spiritual Wayfaring), we can no longer view the man as a simple hedonistic wine-lover, or even an early skeptic, but a profound mystical thinker and scientist whose works are more important than some verses.[5] C.H.A. Bjerregaard earlier summarised the situation:
“The writings of Omar Khayyam are good specimens of Sufism but are not valued in the West as they ought to be, and the mass of the people know him only through the poems of Edward Fitzgerald which is unfortunate. It is unfortunate because Fitzgerald is not faithful to his master and model, and at times he lays words upon the tongue of the Sufi which are blasphemous. Such outrageous language is that of the eighty-first quatrain for instance. Fitzgerald is doubly guilty because he was more of a Sufi than he was willing to admit.”[38]
Abdullah Dougan, a modern Naqshbandi Sufi, provides commentary[39] on the role and contribution of Omar Khayyam to Sufi thought. Dougan says that while Omar is a minor Sufi teacher compared to the giants – Rumi, Attar and Sana’i – one aspect that makes Omar’s work so relevant and accessible is its very human scale as we can feel for him and understand his approach. The argument over the quality of Fitzgerald’s translation of the Rubaiyat has, according to Dougan, diverted attention from a fuller understanding of the deeply esoteric message contained in Omar’s actual material – “Every line of the Rubaiyat has more meaning than almost anything you could read in Sufi literature”.
[edit] Philosopher
Tomb of Omar Khayyám Neishapuri in Neishapur, Iran
An Ottoman Era inscription of a poem written by Omar Khayyám at Morića Han in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.Khayyám himself rejects to be associated with the title falsafi- (lit. philosopher) in the sense of Aristotelian one and stressed he wishes “to know who I am”. In the context of philosophers he was labeled by some of his contemporaries as “detached from divine blessings”.[40]
It is now established that Khayyám taught for decades the philosophy of Avicena, especially “the Book of Healing”, in his home town Nishapur, till his death.[5] In an incident he had been requested to comment on a disagreement between Avicena and a philosopher called Abu’l-Barakat (known also as Nathanel) who had criticized Avicena strongly. Khayyám is said to have answered “[he] does not even understand the sense of the words of Avicenna, how can he oppose what he does not know?”[40]
Khayyám the philosopher could be understood from two rather distinct sources. One is through his Rubaiyat and the other through his own works in light of the intellectual and social conditions of his time.[41] The latter could be informed by the evaluations of Khayyám’s works by scholars and philosophers such as Bayhaqi, Nezami Aruzi, and Zamakhshari and Sufi poets and writers Attar Nishapuri and Najmeddin Razi.
As a mathematician, Khayyám has made fundamental contributions to the Philosophy of mathematics especially in the context of Persian Mathematics and Persian philosophy with which most of the other Persian scientists and philosophers such as Avicenna, Biruni, and Tusi are associated. There are at least three basic mathematical ideas of strong philosophical dimensions that can be associated with Khayyám.
1.Mathematical order: From where does this order issue, and why does it correspond to the world of nature? His answer is in one of his philosophical “treatises on being”. Khayyám’s answer is that “the Divine Origin of all existence not only emanates wojud or being, by virtue of which all things gain reality, but It is the source of order that is inseparable from the very act of existence.”[41]
2.The significance of postulates (i.e. axiom) in geometry and the necessity for the mathematician to rely upon philosophy and hence the importance of the relation of any particular science to prime philosophy. This is the philosophical background to Khayyám’s total rejection of any attempt to “prove” the parallel postulate, and in turn his refusal to bring motion into the attempt to prove this postulate, as had Ibn al-Haytham, because Khayyám associated motion with the world of matter, and wanted to keep it away from the purely intelligible and immaterial world of geometry.[41]
3.Clear distinction made by Khayyám, on the basis of the work of earlier Persian philosophers such as Avicenna, between natural bodies and mathematical bodies. The first is defined as a body that is in the category of substance and that stands by itself, and hence a subject of natural sciences, while the second, called “volume”, is of the category of accidents (attributes) that do not subsist by themselves in the external world and hence is the concern of mathematics. Khayyám was very careful to respect the boundaries of each discipline, and criticized Ibn al-Haytham in his proof of the parallel postulate precisely because he had broken this rule and had brought a subject belonging to natural philosophy, that is, motion, which belongs to natural bodies, into the domain of geometry, which deals with mathematical bodies.[41]
[edit] LegacyA lunar crater Omar Khayyam was named after him in 1970.
A minor planet called 3095 Omarkhayyam, discovered by Soviet astronom
u hindus only commit frauds.tell me name of one european who had so many versatile qualities.
u hindus only commit frauds
u hindus only produce frauds.
Rt. Hon. Javed Iqbal Geoffrey sb… would you be kind enough or willing enough to file a constitutional petition asking for a direction to the federal government vis a vis Hizbut tahrir?
Y L Hamdani Sahib: AOA ..
YES! please just Send me, a rough draft + and a signed Wakalanatnama only.
I recently filed a 400-page Writ (just when Ardeshir Cowasjee thought all whistleblowers had thrown the towel) against two dangerous projects of importing LNG at Bin Qasim by Newsweek’s publisher magnate (does not attract me) Kuwaiti-currency billionaire (all the phook is now leaking with forwardlooking hindsight) Iqbal Z. Ahmed (related to WZ Ahmed), and he tosses in his sleepless nest; claims evaporated that he could buy all saigols and garner mcb as jhoonga while munching icecream in Yakki Gate. Look up WP 26873/11. I will have IZA put on Lie Detection Machines as his knows (oops!!) and he in trembling in his genes…
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{{{{{{When I am gone via Jhang, take up my value-added cudgels, because us syyeds go for iqqdaar not iqtedaar.}}}}}
to tajender
I am not interested in your glorification of the qualities of dead human beings. I want to know what your (=tajender’s) qualities are.
Tajender’s “qualities” (as revealed till now on the PTH) are hate, foul language, anger, irrationality, boasts on (or in) someone elses’s name, desire to eradicate brahmins, throw hindus into the Bay of Bengal, bootlick arabs and turks, glorify/defend islamic fascism and imperialism, falsify the narrative of history in order to glorify arabs and turks etc.
I hope they are not your final qualities.
this is in awnser to ur stupidities of 7th century arabs.i can give u names of 100 arab versatile personalities who have no parrallel in europe or india(where education to common man was banned till muslims arrived)
i hate behmnsm because,
What Brahminism did to India?
Destroyed democracy in India
Removed equality for women
Prevented Philosophy and Science from developing.
Divided people from socializing.
Made life a misery to most of the population.
islam is religion of peace my glorification is for truth.brhmn(hindus)
enslaved india.slaves are called hindu and rulers brhmn.brhmnsm is satanic evil forces.all over history only sucked the blood of indians.
reason they are not indian.use india.that is why internally and externally we are hated by everyone.
what i wrote is 100percent.attack my arguments not me.TELL ME NAME OF
ONE INDIAN OR EUROPEAN EQVLANT TO OMAR KHAYYAM.
to tajender
No one is equal or equivalent to Omar Khayyam. I believe that all human beings are unequal. Hence caste system is unavoidable. Caste system is a necessity to keep unequals apart so that they do not clash. Hence caste system is practised even in muslim societies. Blaming brahmins is therefore irrational.
BTW (=by the way) Omar Khayyam was not an arab, nor did he derive his ideas from the kuran. He was actually persecuted by muslims. The same about Ibn Rushd. Omar Khayyam got his good ideas from Greeks, byzantinians, hindus, chinese – but not from arabs nor muslims and not from the kuran.
Your anger and hatred towards brahmins makes you uninformed and irrational. Your negative qualities, which I had listed above, are a result of your love for islam and arabs.
—
Quote:
“Tajender’s “qualities” (as revealed till now on the PTH) are hate, foul language, anger, irrationality, boasts on (or in) someone elses’s name, desire to eradicate brahmins, throw hindus into the Bay of Bengal, bootlick arabs and turks, glorify/defend islamic fascism and imperialism, falsify the narrative of history in order to glorify arabs and turks etc. I hope they are not your final qualities.”
—
One who flatters is never the true friend. One who criticises is the true friend. Hence you are a real friend of the brahimns and a real enemy of the muslims.
It seems .. to err is human but not Aryan .. that Herr Hiob Jee , being honorary Aryan, has found the Final Solution and faithfully returned to Germany being his adopted Fatherland; Butt I bet he has not yet qualified for a German passport. We have another Aryan Cashmere via AmritsirJee, Sir Nawaz SharrReef Butt, MA LLB HonGCMG artfully meow-meowing (a diversionary song) in Pakistan. He should follow the example of Mian Hiob Ji and proceed copycat accordingly. Good Riddance! Holy Fascism (= Still-Born Again Jhangviism).
MEIN KO-EE JHOTH BOLAYYA : MEIN KO-EE KKKUFFR
TOE-LAY’YA ??
I am afraid, unless Hiob is from the Pun’job, he will have to consult Mrs. Moni Mohsin Stockbrokerwala in London for a hefty translation of my contribution, in letter and in spirit.
hizb ut tahrir is working goood